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The central risk is not a sudden systemic collapse, but a drawn‑out period of sub‑par growth, weak returns on investment, and fragile confidence—a pattern that will sound familiar to students of Japan’s post‑1990 trajectory.

Several specific challenges stand out:

  • Demographics: An aging, shrinking population caps housing demand and undermines the traditional link between urbanization and construction booms.
  • Balance sheets: Developers, local governments, and some financial institutions face long, grinding deleveraging cycles.
  • Policy trade‑offs: Stimulating housing too aggressively risks re‑inflating the bubble; tightening too hard risks tipping growth into a deeper downturn.
  • Confidence: Once households lose faith in property as a one‑way wealth escalator, rebuilding sentiment can take years.

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