

Federal government deficit spending works because interest is often higher than return on federal bonds, so it’s literally cheaper for the government to go into debt and pay over a long period than to pay cash.
Local government can’t do that, but they do have other tools. The one I deal with the most often is Public Improvement Districts where we’ll cut a deal to waive municipal property tax or the city’s sales tax for like 20 years on a big development in return for the developers building the public infrastructure required to support that development, then transferring it to the City. For really big projects, we may even redirect the tax to the developer, which we actually kinda prefer when that 20-year clock times out and you don’t have business owners and residents suddenly getting new taxes they aren’t used to and freaking ALL the way out.
It’s a deal for the developer because they need that infrastructure anyway, and the only “extra” cost to them is oversizing stuff like wastewater lines beyond what they need, and it’s a deal for the city because those road, water, sidewalk, and wastewater extensions they install with the project end up serving more than just that development.








That’s how taxation works, but it doesn’t solve government finance by itself.
The US government has always paid interest on the debt. It’s never missed a payment. That makes it a very stable investment, and until recently it was considered the most stable, predictable investment that could be made.
That also means the US could have stupidly-low interest on its debts. And because the investment is so safe, it also creates a bottom for interest rates. No other investment is safer, so any time the fed rate goes up, all other loan rates go up as well - otherwise investors would just put their money in the US instead of on a home or business loan.
That and other factors result in inflation generally being higher than the interest on loans made to the US, which results in a situation where paying cash up front is actually more expensive than getting a loan and paying with future tax revenue, because future tax revenue grows with inflation that outpaces the interest on the loan.